Conference Papers
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Single-Shuffle Physical Zero-Knowledge Proof for Sudoku Using Interactive Inputs
- Author(s)
- T. Ono, S. Ruangwises, Y. Abe, K. Hatsugai, and M. Iwamoto
- Conference
- APKC2025
- Pages
- 1–8
- Publisher
- ACM
- Publication Year
- 2025
- Date Presented
- 2025/8/26
Abstract
A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is an interactive proof between a prover and a verifier, with the prover’s goal to convince the verifier that a solution of a computation problem exists without revealing any information about the solution itself. A card-based physical ZKP is an implementation of a ZKP using physical cards. Several metrics are used to measure the efficiency of card-based ZKPs, such as the numbers of required cards and shuffles. In this paper, we propose the first card-based ZKP for a puzzle Sudoku that uses only one shuffle. To achieve this, we use a technique of applying private operations interactively to prepare inputs for the protocol.