国際会議
-
Single-Shuffle Physical Zero-Knowledge Proof for Sudoku Using Interactive Inputs
- 著者
- T. Ono, S. Ruangwises, Y. Abe, K. Hatsugai, and M. Iwamoto
- 会議名
- APKC2025
- ページ
- 1–8
- 出版社
- ACM
- 発行年
- 2025
- 発表日
- 2025/8/26
Abstract
A zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) is an interactive proof between a prover and a verifier, with the prover’s goal to convince the verifier that a solution of a computation problem exists without revealing any information about the solution itself. A card-based physical ZKP is an implementation of a ZKP using physical cards. Several metrics are used to measure the efficiency of card-based ZKPs, such as the numbers of required cards and shuffles. In this paper, we propose the first card-based ZKP for a puzzle Sudoku that uses only one shuffle. To achieve this, we use a technique of applying private operations interactively to prepare inputs for the protocol.